Using Discriminated Union Labelled Fields

A few weeks ago, I re-discovered labelled fields in discriminated unions. Despite the fact that they look like tuples, they are not.

This is my entry to F# Advent Calendar 2021. Thanks to Sergey Tihon for organising the Advent Calendar each year.

A few weeks ago, I re-discovered labelled fields in discriminated unions:

// Without labels
type Customer =
    | Registered of string * string option * bool
    | Guest of string

// With labels
type Customer =
    | Registered of Name:string * Email:string option * IsEligible:bool
    | Guest of Name:string

I knew that the feature existed but I've usually built specific types, generally records, for each union case, so hadn't really used them in anger before. This isn't a new feature: Field labels in discriminated union case members were introduced in F# 3.1. Despite the fact that they look like tuples, they are not. For example, tuples in F# do not support labels like they do in C#.

In this post, we will look at how to make use of this feature.

Getting Started

We are going to start with a simple business feature:

(*
Feature: Applying a discount

Scenario: Eligible Registered Customers get 10% discount 
when they spend £100 or more

Given the following Registered Customers
|Customer Id|Email          |Is Eligible|
|John       |[email protected]  |true       |
|Mary       |[email protected]  |true       |
|Richard    |               |false      |
|Alison     |[email protected]|false      |

When <Customer Id> spends <Spend>
Then their order total will be <Total>

Examples:
|Customer Id| Spend | Total |
|Mary       |  99.00|  99.00|
|John       | 100.00|  90.00|
|Richard    | 100.00| 100.00|
|Sarah      | 100.00| 100.00|
*)

We are going to create two functions: One to calculate the totals after discount and one to return the email address of eligible customers. Emails are mandatory for Eligible customers and optional for Registered customers.

Creating Labelled Fields

The type design used in this post is specifically designed for the task of discovering how we can work with labelled fields. We start with a simple discriminated union with two union cases:

type Customer =
    | Registered of Name:string * Email:string option * IsEligible:bool
    | Guest of Name:string

Pattern Matching on Labelled Fields

As they look like tuples, can we deconstruct them in a match expression in the same way without the labels? It turns out that you can:


 
let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (name, email, isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

In this case, I'm only interested in the IsEligible flag, so will wildcards work? Yes they do:

let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (_, _, isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

Now let's try adding the labels in and get the values like we would with fields on a record type. Sadly, this doesn't work as we get a compiler error:

// Compiler Error
let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (Name = name, Email = email, IsEligible = isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

As I said earlier, they look like tuples but they aren't. The fix turns out to be simple: Replace the comma separators with semi-colons:

let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (Name = name; Email = email; IsEligible = isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

As we are not using name and email, can we use wildcards to ignore their data? Yes we can:

let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (Name = _; Email = _; IsEligible = isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

How about wildcards to ignore the fields? This change gives us a compiler error:

// Compiler Error
let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (_; _; IsEligible = isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

Again, the fix turns out to be simple: Remove the fields completely from the pattern match:

let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (IsEligible = isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

That's better but it would be nice if we could apply a filter directly rather than having to get the value and then test it. We can do this with records and thankfully it is available here too:

let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (IsEligible = true) when spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

We can also combine the filter and the value getter as shown in the following function where we filter on IsEligible and return the value of the Email field into a local binding:

let tryGetEligibleEmail customer =
    match customer with
    | Registered (IsEligible = true; Email = email) -> Some email 
    | _ -> None

In summary, we use ',' for separating the fields when we don't use the labels in the pattern match and ';' when we do. If we are not interested in a field, don't use it in the match. We can use filters and value getters in the same match.

Creating an Instance of a DU Case

You can create an instance of a union case without specifying the field labels:

Personally, I think it makes more sense to use the labels if you provided them in the first place:

let john = Registered ( Name = "John", Email = Some "[email protected]", IsEligible = true )
let mary = Registered ( Name = "Mary", Email = Some "[email protected]", IsEligible = true )
let richard = Registered ( Name = "Richard", Email = None, IsEligible = false )
let alison = Registered ( Name = "Alison", Email = Some "[email protected]", IsEligible = false )
let sarah = Guest ( Name = "Sarah" )

Verifying these the functions with the instances is trivial. Firstly, the calculateOrderTotal function:

let assertJohn = calculateOrderTotal john 100.0M = 90.0M
let assertMary = calculateOrderTotal mary 99.0M = 99.0M
let assertRichard = calculateOrderTotal richard 100.0M = 100.0M
let assertSarah = calculateOrderTotal sarah 100.0M = 100.0M

and then the tryGetEligibleEmail function:

let assertMaryEmail = tryGetEligibleEmail mary = Some "[email protected]"
let assertRichardEmail = tryGetEligibleEmail richard = None
let assertAlisonEmail = tryGetEligibleEmail alison = None
let assertSarahEmail = tryGetEligibleEmail sarah = None

What Happens If ...

What happens if you decide not to include a label for the Name field?

type Customer =
    | Registered of string * Email:string option * IsEligible:bool
    | Guest of Name:string

The tuple-style pattern match with no labels works fine as does the version with the wildcards:

let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (name, email, isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (_, _, isEligible) when isEligible && spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

Removing the label from the original version with labels causes a compiler error:

// Compiler Error
let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (name; Email = email; IsEligible = true) when spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

Removing that field and only using labelled fields works correctly:

let calculateOrderTotal customer spend =
    let discount = 
        match customer with
        | Registered (Email = email; IsEligible = true) when spend >= 100M -> spend * 0.1M 
        | _ -> 0M
    spend - discount

You don't have to supply every field with a label if you aren't going to pattern match on it with that label. I like consistency and would either supply labels to all fields or none at all.

Summary

I hope that you found this short post useful. Even if you decide not to use these features, it is still nice to know that they are available to you.
I have written an ebook called Essential Functional-First F#. All of the royalties go to the F# Software Foundation to support their promotion of the F# language and community around the world.

Follow me on Twitter at @ijrussell!

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The NightWalkers designed a scalable tool that assigns trustworthiness scores based on various types of greenwashing indicators, including unsupported claims and inaccurate data.

Blog
Blog

Third Place - AIM Hackathon 2024: The Venturers

ESG reports are often filled with vague statements, obscuring key facts investors need. This team created an AI prototype that analyzes these reports sentence-by-sentence, categorizing content to produce a "relevance map".

TIMETOACT
Referenz
Referenz

Smarter mobility with the portal switchh

Subway, S-Bahn, bus, car, ferry or bicycle: The pilot project "switchh" of HOCHBAHN in cooperation with Europcar and Car2Go makes Hamburg mobile.

TIMETOACT
Referenz
Referenz

TIMETOACT implements integrated insurance software

Less than one year from project start to system implementation: TIMETOACT developed the integrated, browser-based insurance software "HERMES" for the VOV D&O insurance association. The cross-departmental individual software completely covers all core processes of the insurance company. Users particularly appreciate the intuitive user interface and the high performance of HERMES.

TIMETOACT
Referenz
Referenz

The digital customer file with IBM Content Manager

The prefabricated house specialist SchwörerHaus KG has relied on IBM technology for many years to set up a digital customer file.

TIMETOACT
Technologie
Headerbild zu Containerisierung mit Open Source
Technologie

Containerisation with Open Source

Containerization is the next stage of virtualization and provides secure and easy compartmentalization of individual applications. The process of deploying an app has been simplified many times in recent years.

TIMETOACT
Service
Headerbild zu Application Modernization
Service

Application Modernization

Application Modernization focuses on modernizing existing applications. The key to success in Application Modernization is the strategy and selection of projects.

TIMETOACT
Service
Navigationsbilc zu Application Development
Service

Application Development

Application Development refers to the process of modifying, designing and/or developing one or more applications. Gaps in the software landscape can be closed by tailoring applications individually to the customer.

TIMETOACT
Technologie
Logo Atlassian Confluence
Technologie

Confluence from Atlassian

Create, organize, and collaborate on tasks - all in a single place. Confluence is a workspace for teams and organizations where you can store your documentation and collaboratively develop and share knowledge. Dynamic pages give your team a place to create, capture, and collaborate around projects or idea development.

TIMETOACT
Service
Header zu Fullstack Development
Service

Fullstack Development

The trend in Software Development is towards Full-Stack Development. Full-stack developers are programmers who work in both frontend and backend development and thus have competencies in the areas of databases, servers, systems and clients.